9 Facts About Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental illness that influences a person’s ability to understand and connect with others. The disease is best understood as a "spectrum," spanning a wide range of symptom intensity and encompassing a wide range of previously distinct medical disorders.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), around 1% of the world’s population, or 75 million individuals, have ASD.

Despite how common ASD is, many common myths persist regarding it. Here are nine things regarding autism spectrum disorder (ASD) that you might not know. This includes symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options for children.

Children Can Be Very Young When Diagnosed

Children can receive a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) as early as 18 months, although most diagnoses occur at 24 months or older when the diagnosis is considered more reliable, as stated by MedlinePlus. Prior to that age, children with autism may exhibit social communication deficits that are appropriate for their developmental stage.

ASD is diagnosed based on behavioral observations and assessments since there are no medical or blood tests specifically for ASD. Healthcare providers typically conduct developmental screenings and comprehensive evaluations to assess a child’s behavior. This evaluation may include assessments of hearing, vision, and neurological function. In some cases, a follow-up visit to a specialist, such as a developmental pediatrician, may be recommended for further evaluation and support.

There’s a Wide Range of Symptoms

The symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can vary greatly from person to person, with some individuals experiencing mild symptoms while others have more pronounced ones.

In general, ASD symptoms often involve difficulties in communication and social interaction. People with ASD may struggle to understand and respond to others’ emotions and intentions, exhibit challenges in making eye contact, and have difficulty with social interactions and relationships.

Repetitive behaviors and restricted interests are common among individuals with ASD. These may manifest as repetitive movements or actions, a strong focus on specific topics or objects, or the need for routine and sameness in daily activities.

While some individuals with ASD may have difficulty with verbal communication, it is important to note that not all individuals with ASD are nonverbal. Approximately 40% of people with autism are nonverbal, according to Autism Speaks, but this varies among individuals.

Other potential signs of ASD in children can include heightened sensitivity to sensory stimuli, intense tantrums or meltdowns, lack of response to their name being called, limited or absent pointing or gestures by 18 months of age, and a lack of engagement in pretend play activities.

It is crucial to remember that these symptoms can vary and that an accurate diagnosis should be made by qualified healthcare professionals through comprehensive assessments and evaluations.

Prevalence Seems to Be Growing

The prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has shown a significant increase over the years. According to a 2021 report from the MMWR Surveillance Summaries, the prevalence has risen from 1 in 150 children being diagnosed to 1 in 44 since 2000. However, there is ongoing debate among experts regarding the reasons behind this increase.

One factor that contributes to the rise in ASD prevalence is increased awareness and improved screening methods. As awareness about ASD has grown, more children are being identified and diagnosed with the disorder. Healthcare providers and educators are better equipped to recognize the signs and symptoms of ASD, leading to more accurate and timely diagnoses.

Changes in diagnostic criteria also play a role in the increased prevalence. The criteria for diagnosing ASD have evolved over time, resulting in broader definitions and more inclusive criteria. This expansion has allowed for the identification of individuals who may have previously gone undiagnosed.

However, it is important to note that the exact causes of the increased prevalence are still not fully understood. Some experts suggest that there may be underlying environmental or genetic factors contributing to the rise in ASD cases. Further research is needed to explore these factors and gain a better understanding of the true drivers behind the increased prevalence.

Ultimately, the increase in ASD prevalence can be attributed to a combination of improved awareness, changes in diagnostic criteria, and potentially other factors. Ongoing research and collaboration among professionals in the field will help shed light on the causes and provide better insights into ASD.

Boys Are More Likely to Be Diagnosed

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are more commonly diagnosed in boys than in girls, with a prevalence rate of about four times higher in boys compared to girls. According to Autism Speaks, approximately 1 in 27 boys and 1 in 116 girls are reported to have ASD.

Boys tend to be diagnosed with ASD earlier and more frequently than girls. However, there is growing evidence that girls with ASD may be underdiagnosed. Research suggests that girls often exhibit different patterns of ASD symptoms and may present with camouflaged symptoms that are missed during evaluations, contributing to the underdiagnosis.

A study published in the Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders in May 2018 explored sex-based differences in ASD presentation among girls. The researchers highlighted the diagnosis gap between girls and boys and emphasized the need to recognize and understand the unique characteristics and challenges faced by girls with ASD.

Underdiagnosis of ASD in girls may be attributed to fewer screenings and a lack of awareness about the diverse ways ASD can manifest in females. Societal expectations and stereotypes may also play a role. Girls with ASD may be perceived as shy or introverted, and their preference for solitary play or differences in social interactions may be overlooked or attributed to normal variations in behavior. In contrast, boys are often expected to exhibit more extroverted and social behaviors, making deviations from these expectations more noticeable.

It is crucial to increase awareness and understanding of the unique presentation of ASD in girls. By addressing the gender disparities in ASD diagnosis, healthcare professionals can improve identification and provide appropriate support for girls with ASD.

Autism May Begin Before Birth

The exact cause of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is not fully understood. However, most experts agree that a combination of genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of ASD.

Genetic factors play a significant role in the risk of developing ASD. Studies have shown that certain gene mutations and variations are associated with an increased likelihood of ASD. It is believed that multiple genes interact with each other and with environmental factors to influence the development of ASD.

Environmental factors may also contribute to the risk of ASD. These factors can include prenatal exposures, such as maternal infections or certain medications taken during pregnancy, as well as complications during birth or exposure to environmental toxins. However, it is important to note that the specific environmental factors and their effects on ASD development are still being researched.

There is emerging evidence to suggest that the development of ASD may begin before birth. Research has identified differences in brain cells of individuals with autism, indicating that certain developmental changes occur prenatally.

Certain demographic factors are also associated with an increased risk of ASD. Advanced parental age, particularly in the father, has been linked to a higher likelihood of having a child with ASD. Having a sibling with ASD also increases the risk of developing the disorder.

People With Autism Are More Likely to Have Other Health Conditions

Research indicates that individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may have a higher likelihood of experiencing other health conditions or co-occurring disorders. These findings highlight the importance of understanding and addressing the comprehensive healthcare needs of individuals with ASD.

The 2021 study published in the Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders found that adults with ASD have an increased prevalence of certain health conditions, including constipation, obesity, insomnia, and epilepsy. These conditions may pose additional challenges and require targeted management strategies in individuals with ASD.

ASD is also associated with certain genetic conditions, such as Angelman syndrome, Rett syndrome, and fragile X syndrome. These genetic conditions share some overlapping features with ASD and can coexist with or contribute to the symptoms and challenges experienced by individuals with ASD.

In addition to these specific genetic conditions, individuals with ASD may be more susceptible to various other issues. These can include anxiety disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression, sleep disturbances, allergies, and gastrointestinal problems. The presence of these co-occurring conditions can impact the overall well-being and quality of life of individuals with ASD.

Vaccines Do Not Cause Autism

Multiple scientific studies and extensive research have consistently shown that there is no causal relationship between vaccines and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The notion that vaccines cause ASD originated from a small and flawed study published in 1998 that claimed a link between the MMR vaccine and autism. However, this study has been thoroughly discredited, retracted by the journal, and its author’s medical license revoked.

Since then, numerous large-scale studies involving millions of participants have been conducted worldwide to examine the safety and potential associations between vaccines and ASD. These studies have consistently found no evidence supporting a causal link between vaccination and the development of ASD. The scientific consensus strongly supports the safety and efficacy of vaccines in preventing infectious diseases without causing ASD.

The 2021 Brown University Child and Adolescent Behavior Letter further reinforces these findings by highlighting that vaccines do not cause ASD. It is crucial to rely on robust scientific evidence and expert consensus when addressing vaccine-related concerns, ensuring that accurate information is disseminated to the public.

Vaccination remains one of the most effective public health measures in preventing serious diseases and protecting individuals and communities from potentially life-threatening infections. It is important for individuals and families to follow recommended immunization schedules and consult trusted healthcare professionals to address any questions or concerns they may have about vaccines and their role in safeguarding public health.

Early Intervention Is Key

While there is currently no cure for autism spectrum disorder (ASD), early intervention can play a crucial role in helping individuals with ASD thrive and improve their quality of life.

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) is a widely used and evidence-based approach in the treatment of ASD. ABA focuses on identifying the underlying reasons for specific behaviors and uses techniques to encourage positive behaviors and reduce challenging behaviors. This approach can be highly effective in addressing communication difficulties, social skills deficits, and managing challenging behaviors.

Occupational, speech, and physical therapies are also commonly utilized in the treatment of ASD. These therapies aim to enhance fine motor skills, communication abilities, and sensory processing. They can help individuals develop functional skills, improve social interactions, and enhance overall independence.

Early intervention is particularly important, as it allows for timely identification and treatment of ASD. Research has shown that starting interventions at a young age can lead to significant improvements in communication and social skills.

In some cases, individuals with ASD may have co-occurring conditions such as anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), epilepsy, or depression. In such instances, medications may be prescribed to address these specific conditions and alleviate associated symptoms.

Evaluations and Interventions Are Available

If you suspect that your child may have autism spectrum disorder (ASD), seeking screening and testing is a crucial step in obtaining a diagnosis. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) provides information and resources regarding the screening process, including tools such as questionnaires that can assist in identifying ASD symptoms.

It’s important to note that everyone, regardless of age, is entitled to services and support. Interventions for ASD can be provided through various settings, including community organizations, healthcare facilities, and school districts. Some services for ASD screening and diagnosis may be available for free, while others may involve fees for private services.

Being aware of the signs of ASD and taking appropriate steps for diagnosis, treatment, and support can make a significant difference in the well-being and development of individuals with ASD.