What Is a Nebulizer—And How Do You Use It?

A nebulizer is a device used to transform liquid medication into a mist or aerosol for inhalation. Nebulizer machines are occasionally used to provide medications for the treatment of respiratory diseases such asthma, cystic fibrosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).1

A nebulizer consists of a drug container, an air compressor that turns the medicine into a mist, and a mask or mouthpiece that the patient wears while using the device. Those with severe respiratory disorders or small children may find them simpler to use than inhalers. This is because you can breathe normally while wearing either a mouthpiece or a mask, eliminating the need to learn a new breathing method.1

Find more about the many kinds of nebulizers, who may use them, and how they should be used and cleaned.

Types of Nebulizers

Nebulizers are available in both corded and cordless varieties. A tabletop machine is bulkier and requires an outlet or auto adapter to operate. Because of its portability and modest size, a battery-operated device is preferable for usage away from home.

You can choose from jet nebulizers, mesh nebulizers, or ultrasonic nebulizers. There are benefits and drawbacks to each kind, and they all function differently.

Jet Nebulizer

A jet nebulizer is indeed the most commonly used type of nebulizer. It utilizes an air compressor to convert liquid medication into a mist or aerosol for inhalation. There are two main forms of jet nebulizers available:

• Conventional jet nebulizers: These nebulizers produce a continuous mist of medication throughout the breathing cycle. However, during exhalation (breathing out), a significant amount of the medication may be lost, requiring a higher dose to ensure sufficient delivery to the lungs.
  
• Breath-actuated and breath-enhanced jet nebulizers: These nebulizers are designed to generate mist only during inhalation (breathing in). This means that medication delivery is synchronized with your breathing, resulting in less waste and more efficient delivery to the lungs. These types of nebulizers can often achieve the same therapeutic effect with a lower dose of medication.

Breath-actuated and breath-enhanced jet nebulizers offer advantages in terms of medication efficiency and potentially reducing the required dosage.

Ultrasonic Nebulizer

An ultrasonic nebulizer is another type of nebulizer that utilizes high-frequency vibrations to convert liquid medication into aerosol form. This technology offers the advantage of being much quieter compared to a jet nebulizer.

However, it’s important to note that ultrasonic nebulizers have limitations. They are not suitable for converting dense liquid medications, such as suspensions, into aerosol droplets. Suspensions are medications in which the drug particles do not fully dissolve, resulting in small particles of the drug suspended in the liquid. Examples of suspension medications include antibiotics like Amoxil (amoxicillin) and certain medications used to treat epilepsy.

Due to the inability of ultrasonic nebulizers to effectively handle suspensions, these types of nebulizers are typically more suitable for liquid medications that are fully dissolved or in a less dense form.

Mesh Nebulizer

A mesh nebulizer is a type of nebulizer that utilizes a mesh, or screen with tiny holes, to convert liquid medication into a fine mist. This technology allows for efficient administration of medication compared to jet and ultrasonic nebulizers. Additionally, mesh nebulizers operate silently, making them more discreet during use.

One of the advantages of mesh nebulizers is their portability. They are generally designed to be more compact and lightweight, making them convenient for use on-the-go. This portability allows individuals to carry their nebulizer with them, providing flexibility and ensuring access to medication whenever needed.

Who May Need a Nebulizer

Nebulizers are beneficial in the treatment of various chronic respiratory conditions. Some of these conditions include asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), bronchiectasis, and cystic fibrosis. Nebulizers are commonly used to administer different types of medications to manage these conditions effectively.

Bronchodilators, which relax and widen the airway muscles, are frequently delivered through nebulizers. Corticosteroids, which help reduce inflammation in the lungs and airways, can also be administered using nebulizers. Additionally, nebulizers are used to administer antibiotics to treat bacterial infections and sterile saline solution to help break up mucus.

Nebulizers can deliver multiple medications simultaneously, allowing for efficient and comprehensive treatment. This makes them a versatile option for individuals with complex respiratory conditions.

Compared to inhalers, nebulizers may be preferred, especially for young children or individuals with arthritis, as they do not require a specific breathing technique and allow for normal breathing during medication administration. However, it’s important to note that nebulizers can take longer to deliver medication, which may be challenging for very young children.

Obtaining a nebulizer typically requires a prescription from a healthcare provider. While some nebulizer machines may be available over the counter, a prescription is still needed for the medications used with the nebulizer. Many insurance plans cover nebulizers and related medications, ensuring accessibility for individuals who require this form of treatment.

How To Use a Nebulizer

Nebulizers are designed to be user-friendly, as you can take the medication by simply breathing normally through the mouthpiece or mask. A nebulizer consists of five essential parts:

• Cup: This is the container that holds the liquid medication.
• Top piece or cap: It fits on top of the cup to ensure proper sealing and prevent any leakage.
• Mouthpiece or mask: Depending on your healthcare provider’s recommendation, you will use either a mouthpiece or a mask. The mouthpiece is placed in your mouth, while the mask covers your mouth and nose.
• Thin plastic tubing: This tubing connects the mouthpiece or mask to the nebulizer machine.
• Air machine (compressor): The nebulizer machine, often referred to as a compressor, is the core component. It generates a flow of compressed air that converts the liquid medication into a fine mist or aerosol.

The compressor can be plugged into an electrical outlet, and if it is not battery-operated, you can use a car adapter for portable use.

By understanding the basic components of a nebulizer, you can effectively assemble and use it to administer your medication.

Using a nebulizer is a straightforward process. Here are the basic steps to set up and use a nebulizer:

1. Wash your hands thoroughly.

2. Place the nebulizer machine on a stable, flat surface.

3. Assemble all the nebulizer components according to the manufacturer’s instructions, ensuring they are clean and dry.

4. Measure and pour the prescribed dose of medication into the medicine cup.

5. Attach the top piece securely to the medicine cup.

6. Connect the mouthpiece or mask to the top piece.

7. Attach the thin plastic tubing to both the compressor and the medicine cup.

8. If using a mouthpiece, place it between your teeth and close your lips tightly around it. If using a mask, position it over your mouth and nose, ensuring a snug fit.

9. Turn on the nebulizer machine and observe the mist coming from the mouthpiece or mask. Keep the medicine cup in an upright position to prevent spillage.

10. Breathe normally and inhale the mist until the medicine cup is empty or the mist stops. The duration may vary depending on the prescribed dosage, typically taking up to 20 minutes.

11. Once finished, remove the mouthpiece or mask and turn off the nebulizer.

12. If you are using inhaled corticosteroids, rinse your mouth with water and spit it out to prevent potential mouth infections.

13. Clean the nebulizer components thoroughly following the manufacturer’s instructions.

14. For children, holding the mouthpiece under their nose and mouth can make it easier for them to use the nebulizer. However, a mask is recommended for children under five years old or until they can effectively use the mouthpiece.

The frequency of nebulizer use varies depending on the specific condition and prescribed medication. For example, albuterol, a commonly used asthma medication, is typically used three or four times a day.

It’s important to note that possible side effects of using a nebulizer may include increased heart rate and temporary jitteriness, but these effects are usually short-lived. Always follow the instructions provided by your healthcare provider when using a nebulizer to ensure proper and safe administration of your medication.

How To Clean a Nebulizer

Proper cleaning of your nebulizer after each use is crucial to maintain its effectiveness, prevent the spread of germs, and inhibit the growth of bacteria and mold. Here are the steps to clean your nebulizer:

1. Unplug the nebulizer from the power source.

2. Remove the tubing and set it aside. Remember not to submerge the tubing in water.

3. Take apart the mouthpiece or mask, medicine cup, and top piece.

4. Wash these removable parts thoroughly in warm soapy water. You can also place them on the top shelf of a dishwasher if they are dishwasher-safe.

5. Rinse the parts with clean water to remove any soap residue.

6. Place the washed parts on a clean paper towel to air-dry completely before storing or using them again.

In addition to regular cleaning, it is advisable to disinfect your nebulizer on a weekly basis. Follow these steps:

1. Disinfect the mouthpiece or mask, medicine cup, and top piece. You can do this by soaking them in a solution of white vinegar and water for 30 minutes, boiling or microwaving them for five minutes, or using a dishwasher. Refer to the instructions provided by the nebulizer manufacturer for specific disinfection recommendations.

2. After disinfection, rinse the parts thoroughly with clean water.

3. Allow the disinfected parts to air-dry in a cool and dry place.

Remember not to wash the tubing. Instead, wipe the outside of the tubing with a cloth as needed. If the inside of the tubing appears dirty, it is recommended to replace it. When storing the nebulizer, keep the parts in a clean plastic bag. If multiple people use the nebulizer, use separate bags for each individual to prevent cross-contamination.

It is also important to replace the filters in the nebulizer compressor every six months or as instructed by the manufacturer. Over time, worn or damaged parts may need to be replaced. Refer to the manufacturer’s instructions for proper maintenance and replacement guidelines.

By following these cleaning and maintenance procedures, you can ensure the hygiene and longevity of your nebulizer for effective treatment.

A Quick Review

A nebulizer is a device that converts liquid medication into a fine mist that can be inhaled into the lungs. It is commonly used to deliver medication to individuals with respiratory conditions such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and other lung diseases.

Using a nebulizer is straightforward. You simply place the liquid medication into the nebulizer cup, attach the mouthpiece or mask, and then inhale the medication as a mist is generated by the nebulizer. Unlike inhalers, which require coordinated timing and specific breathing techniques, nebulizers allow for medication delivery through normal breathing.

Nebulizers offer several advantages, particularly for certain individuals. They are often preferred for young children or those who have difficulty using inhalers correctly. Nebulizers can also be helpful for individuals with severe respiratory conditions or arthritis, as they do not require a strong inhalation or manual coordination.

It is important to follow the instructions provided by your healthcare provider and the manufacturer when using a nebulizer. This includes using the prescribed medication and dosage, properly cleaning and maintaining the nebulizer to ensure its effectiveness and prevent the spread of germs, and adhering to any specific guidelines for usage frequency or duration.

If you have any questions or concerns about using a nebulizer, it is recommended to consult with your healthcare provider or a respiratory therapist who can provide guidance and ensure you are using the device correctly for your specific needs.