6 Types of Eczema: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

Itchy skin? Find out if one of these types of eczema could be causing your symptoms.

Eczema, a dermatological ailment characterized by inflamed, dry, and pruritic skin patches, encompasses a range of distinct subtypes, including:

1. Atopic Dermatitis

2. Contact Dermatitis

3. Dyshidrotic Eczema

4. Nummular Eczema

5. Seborrheic Dermatitis

6. Stasis Dermatitis

In the United States, over 31 million individuals contend with eczema-related symptoms. This skin condition is generally manageable and responsive to treatment through the application of topical creams, ointments, or gels. In more severe instances, eczema can provoke discomfort and disrupt daily routines.

It is imperative to understand the distinctive symptoms associated with each subtype of eczema, alongside strategies for averting and addressing flare-ups of these symptoms.

Atopic Dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis ranks among the prevailing manifestations of eczema. This variant typically showcases parched, crimson, and flaky skin, frequently emerging on the extensor surfaces of joints such as elbows and knees.

Additional indications of atopic dermatitis encompass:

1. Formation of weeping blisters that subsequently form a crust.

2. Discharge or presence of blood originating from the ear regions.

3. Development of skin areas rendered raw due to persistent scratching.

4. Alterations in skin pigmentation.

5. Evident inflammation.

6. Formation of substantial patches of thickened skin.

Flares of symptoms in atopic dermatitis can be triggered by various factors, including allergens, chemicals, stress, and fluctuations in temperature.

Individuals with atopic dermatitis often face challenges in maintaining an effective skin barrier. As explained by Emily Newsom, MD, an assistant clinical professor of dermatology at the University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine, the skin fails to retain essential fats, leading to the formation of minuscule cracks. Dr. Newsom analogizes this situation to missing mortar between bricks.

Genetics play a substantial role in this condition, frequently exhibiting a hereditary pattern within families. A noteworthy observation is that many individuals with atopic dermatitis also grapple with asthma and hay fever, collectively referred to as the “atopic triad.”

How To Treat and Prevent Contact Dermatitis

Consulting a healthcare provider for a personalized treatment strategy is recommended. Among the frequently employed remedies for atopic dermatitis are:

1. Hydrating creams

2. Corticosteroid creams and ointments

3. Alternative topical medications like calcineurin or phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors

4. Oral medications

5. Biologic medications administered via injection

6. Skincare interventions, such as wet wrap therapy or diluted bleach baths. However, it’s vital to engage a healthcare provider before attempting either of these methods.

7. Ultraviolet (UV) light therapy

In addition, there are practical measures you can adopt at home to manage and deter bouts of atopic dermatitis symptoms, including:

1. Maintaining short fingernails to minimize scratching.

2. Employing antihistamines during episodes of itchiness.

3. Apply petroleum jelly or similar ointments two to three times daily.

4. Considering the use of a humidifier.

5. Ensuring that your moisturizers are devoid of potential irritants like alcohol, fragrances, and harsh chemicals.

6. Evading situations that lead to overheating or stress, both of which can exacerbate symptoms.

7. Opting for lukewarm and concise baths or showers.

8. Steering clear of abrasive cleansers.

Contact dermatitis

Contact dermatitis materializes when the skin encounters vexing substances like nickel or specific chemicals, as articulated by Michele S. Green, MD, a dermatologist situated in New York.

Symptoms of contact dermatitis typically emerge at sites where the skin has interacted with irritants and encompass:

1. Redness

2. Sensation of warmth and tenderness in the skin

3. Presence of scaly, raw, or thickened skin patches

4. Formation of blisters that can exude fluids and subsequently form crusts

Various subtypes of contact dermatitis exist, with irritant and allergic forms being among the most prevalent.

“Irritant contact dermatitis is something that would provoke irritation in anyone when exposed to a concentrated form, like bleach, acid, or even poison ivy,” elucidated Dr. Newsom. “Allergic contact dermatitis is a true allergic response. The immune system reacts as if facing a threat, even when it isn’t.”

Potential irritants and allergens encompass a spectrum of substances, including:

• Cement
• Hair dye
• Rubber or latex
• Specific soaps and shampoos
• Adhesives
• Antibiotics
• Certain clothing materials
• Fragrances
• Nail polishes
• Certain metals present in jewelry

Navigating the landscape of treating and averting contact dermatitis requires nuanced understanding, given that the causative factor might not be immediately apparent due to delayed reactions or evolving allergies.

Hence, engaging a dermatologist to ascertain the root cause of the rash is paramount. Allergy testing using skin patches may be employed to pinpoint the offending allergens.

Treatment modalities, contingent upon the underlying cause, are suggested by dermatologists. Some common interventions for contact dermatitis encompass:

1. Cleansing the affected area with water to eliminate the irritant

2. Application of emollients or moisturizers to diminish inflammation and aid in skin repair

3. Administration of prescribed medications such as topical corticosteroids, creams, ointments, or corticosteroid pills

4. Utilization of damp dressings and anti-itch lotions

Furthermore, strategies for managing and preventing bouts of contact dermatitis symptoms involve:

• Identifying the trigger and evading contact
• Refraining from scratching to prevent infections
• Employing cool compresses, oatmeal baths, or anti-itch remedies
• Exploring over-the-counter options like 1% hydrocortisone or calamine lotion
• Applying moisturizers or barrier repair creams post-bathing or washing
• Laundering new garments before wearing them

Dyshidrotic Eczema

Dyshidrotic eczema, known as pompholyx eczema, is characterized by the formation of small, pruritic blisters that predominantly manifest on the hands and feet. These blisters can induce significant discomfort. Typically, symptoms intensify during periods of heightened stress, elevated temperatures, or prolonged moisture exposure to the hands.

While all variations of eczema can lead to substantial symptoms, dyshidrotic eczema can be particularly incapacitating. The presence of blisters on the feet can impede walking, while those on the hands can disrupt routine activities and work obligations.

How To Treat and Prevent Dyshidrotic Eczema

While a definitive cure remains elusive for dyshidrotic eczema, treatment options can provide relief. Consulting a healthcare professional is crucial to pinpoint the triggers underlying your dyshidrotic eczema, thereby guiding the appropriate course of action.

It’s important to note that managing dyshidrotic eczema is generally more intricate compared to other eczema types. Should conventional eczema treatments prove ineffective, dermatologists may consider dupilumab, a biologic medication.

Additionally, adopting certain practices at home can contribute to the management and prevention of dyshidrotic eczema flare-ups:9

1. Employing medicated soaks and cool compresses, administered two to four times daily for 15-minute intervals.

2. Administering prescription corticosteroid creams to the skin following a soak or compress.

3. Incorporating oral antihistamines as anti-itch measures.

4. Utilizing moisturizers or barrier repair creams, particularly when your skin is overly dry, as this can aid in diminishing flare-ups.

Nummular Eczema

How To Treat and Prevent Nummular Eczema

Managing and alleviating nummular eczema entails several strategies:

Nummular eczema, also recognized as discoid eczema, stands apart from other eczema variations due to its distinctive features. Characteristically, nummular eczema presents itself as circular, “coin-shaped” lesions on the skin, frequently accompanied by itching.

Dr. Green elaborates on this, stating, “Nummular simply pertains to the configuration of the lesion—it’s a circular area.”

This type of eczema is often provoked by common triggers such as heightened stress levels, environmental allergens, or skin dryness attributed to cold weather conditions.

Treatment Approaches

1. Topical Corticosteroids: Employing corticosteroid creams topically to reduce inflammation and irritation.

2. Other Topical Solutions: Exploring alternate topical creams or ointments that can aid in symptom relief.

3. Wet Wrap Therapy: This technique, overseen by a healthcare professional, involves wrapping the affected areas with wet dressings to enhance moisturization and facilitate healing.

Preventive Measures

1. Irritant Avoidance: Steering clear of substances that can trigger irritation or exacerbate symptoms.

2. Gentle Cleansing: Using mild cleansers to avoid further aggravation of the skin.

3. Limited Bathing Time: Ensuring that baths or showers are brief (under five minutes) and that the water temperature is lukewarm.

4. Frequent Moisturization: Applying emollients like petroleum jelly frequently, especially immediately after bathing, to maintain skin hydration.

5. Oral Antihistamines: In cases of intense nighttime itching, consider sedating oral antihistamines to alleviate discomfort.

By adhering to these measures, individuals can effectively manage nummular eczema, mitigate symptoms, and reduce the likelihood of flare-ups. Consulting a healthcare provider for personalized guidance and treatment recommendations is essential.

Seborrheic Dermatitis

Seborrheic dermatitis, more commonly recognized as dandruff when it emerges on the scalp, often begins during infancy, referred to as “cradle cap,” in infants. It can persist into adolescence and adulthood, manifesting as red, greasy, or swollen patches of skin, occasionally appearing as fine or thick white or yellow flakes that may crust.

This condition is not exclusive to the scalp; it can also manifest on other areas of the body where sebaceous glands are present, such as the nose and upper back. Hormones and yeast are potential exacerbating factors.

Dr. Green observed that while seborrheic dermatitis is generally less bothersome compared to some other forms of eczema, its impact can be significant if the condition becomes severe.

How To Treat and Prevent Seborrheic Dermatitis

Seborrheic dermatitis is characterized by unpredictable flare-ups and currently lacks a definitive cure. However, effective management strategies can be employed.

In certain instances, shampoos infused with tar may prove sufficient to regulate and preempt bouts of seborrheic dermatitis symptoms. Alongside this, alternative treatment options encompass:

1. Salicylic Acid Creams: Utilizing creams containing salicylic acid, which can aid in symptom control.

2. Antifungal Creams or Shampoos: Employing antifungal products to target the underlying fungal aspect of the condition.

3. Topical Corticosteroids: Administering topical corticosteroids to mitigate inflammation and discomfort.

4. UV Light Therapy: Exploring UV light therapy, a treatment approach involving controlled exposure to ultraviolet light, which can have positive effects on symptom management.

These interventions collectively enable individuals to actively manage seborrheic dermatitis, thereby alleviating symptoms and minimizing the impact of flare-ups. Consulting a healthcare provider for personalized guidance and treatment recommendations remains essential.

Stasis Dermatitis

Broadly, stasis dermatitis commonly emerges as an indication of an underlying health issue, particularly one related to compromised blood circulation. Alongside the prevalent symptoms of inflamed, itchy, and scaly skin, this condition may also encompass swelling of the ankles and the progression of blisters into ulcers.

How To Treat and Prevent Stasis Dermatitis

To effectively address stasis dermatitis, it’s imperative to identify and treat the underlying causal factor.

Dr. Green underscores the significance of this condition as a potential warning sign, stating, “Stasis dermatitis can serve as an indicator. While creams might offer temporary relief, seeking consultation with a cardiologist or vascular specialist is essential.”

Healthcare professionals may propose the implementation of various techniques aimed at enhancing blood circulation:

1. Leg Elevation: Elevating the legs to encourage improved blood flow.

2. Regular Exercise: Incorporating a consistent exercise routine to support overall circulation.

3. Periodic Walking: Ensuring short walks of about 10 minutes for every hour of prolonged sitting or standing.

Similar to addressing other eczema variants, applying moisturizing lotions to the affected skin can play a role in alleviating distressing symptoms. However, prioritizing a comprehensive approach by addressing the root cause remains paramount for effective management.

A Quick Review

Eczema serves as a collective term encompassing diverse subtypes of skin conditions, all of which yield characteristic manifestations of reddened, parched, and pruritic skin patches.

Typically, mild to moderate occurrences of eczema symptoms can be effectively managed and mitigated through the application of topical creams, ointments, or gels. However, in instances of severe eczema, the condition can become distressingly painful, potentially impeding routine activities.

Tailoring the treatment approach to eczema demands consideration of variables such as its specific subtype, underlying causes, and the extent of its severity. A healthcare professional’s expertise is invaluable in determining the most suitable course of action tailored to the individual’s condition.