Signs and Symptoms of Endometriosis

It’s normal to experience some cramps during your period. But, severe pain and changes to your menstrual cycle, among other symptoms, can be signs of endometriosis.

Pelvic Pain and Cramps

Menstrual cramps are a prevalent occurrence among individuals who menstruate. However, if the pain becomes debilitating, hindering regular functioning, or compelling you to forgo school or work, it could signify the presence of endometriosis.

A study featured in Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience reveals that more than 60% of women with endometriosis reported experiencing severe pelvic pain. In comparison to those without the condition, women with endometriosis exhibited a 13-fold increase in reporting pelvic pain.

The pain associated with endometriosis is described diversely by individuals, with some likening it to a stinging or burning sensation, while others depict it as sharp or throbbing. The spectrum of pain experienced might also encompass various forms, including:3

1. Radiating pain to other body regions like the abdomen, back, or legs

2. Discomfort during or following sexual intercourse

3. Challenges with urination or painful bowel movements

Furthermore, individuals with endometriosis frequently encounter episodes of nausea and vomiting alongside their pain.

Infertility

Approximately 30% to 50% of individuals affected by endometriosis encounter issues related to infertility. Infertility is defined as the inability to achieve pregnancy even after actively attempting conception for a year.

Ongoing research delves into the intricate connection between endometriosis and infertility. Several theories propose that endometriosis can pose challenges to successful pregnancy due to:

1. Structural impairment within the tissue bridging the ovaries and pelvic wall, potentially obstructing the release of an egg during ovulation and its subsequent fertilization.

2. Formation of scar tissue on the fallopian tubes, which can impede the natural pathway for fertilization.

3. Pelvic inflammation that interferes with the successful implantation of an embryo.

4. Alterations in the quality and quantity of eggs.

5. Disruptions in hormonal equilibrium.

Changes in Your Menstrual Cycle

The onset of menstrual bleeding marks the commencement of the menstrual cycle. Although the menstrual experience varies among individuals, a typical menstrual period spans three to eight days and recurs every 21 to 35 days.

However, individuals affected by endometriosis might encounter variations in their menstrual cycle, encompassing:

1. Shortened menstrual cycles: Certain individuals may observe more frequent periods than the average cycle length.

2. Prolonged periods: In specific instances, those with endometriosis might endure periods surpassing the typical seven-day duration.

3. Increased menstrual flow: Endometriosis can potentially lead to heightened menstrual bleeding, characterized by a noticeable increase in blood flow.

4. Intermenstrual spotting: A phenomenon known as spotting, involving bleeding between regular periods, might also manifest in individuals with endometriosis.

Gastrointestinal (GI) Symptoms

A comprehensive study involving 109 individuals with endometriosis and 65 without the condition was conducted. The findings revealed a substantial disparity in gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms between those with endometriosis and those without.

Although abdominal pain is the predominant GI symptom, other accompanying manifestations encompass:

1. Nausea and vomiting

2. Diarrhea

3. Constipation

4. Painful urination

5. Bloating

Moreover, endometriosis occasionally coexists with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), a disorder triggering pain and inflammation within the GI tract, notably the stomach and intestines. IBS often presents with alternating bouts of diarrhea and constipation. Notably, individuals with endometriosis face a threefold elevated likelihood of developing IBS. The interconnection between these conditions remains under scrutiny, with researchers striving to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the heightened risk of IBS in individuals with endometriosis.

However, it’s crucial to recognize that endometriosis frequently encounters misdiagnosis or underdiagnosis. While the possibility of concurrent presence exists, it’s worth noting that healthcare practitioners may erroneously diagnose individuals with endometriosis as having IBS.

Fatigue

Endometriosis prompts the production of cytokines, which are chemical compounds that trigger inflammation within the body. In response, the immune system vigorously engages to counteract this inflammation, often resulting in a profound sense of fatigue. This phenomenon has been highlighted in studies such as the one by Machairiotis et al., where the role of inflammatory mediators in endometriosis-associated pain was systematically explored. (Reference: Machairiotis N, Vasilakaki S, Thomakos N. Inflammatory mediators and pain in endometriosis: A systematic review. Biomedicines. 2021;9(1):54. doi:10.3390/biomedicines9010054)

Furthermore, the wearisome symptoms inherent to endometriosis and the toll of managing the condition can contribute to a prevailing sense of fatigue. This fatigue can significantly impact various facets of daily life, including emotional well-being, relationships, academic pursuits, and professional endeavors. It’s crucial to recognize that if these symptoms begin to disrupt your routine and overall well-being, seeking medical attention is of paramount importance. (Reference: Please insert a proper reference here for the mentioned information.)

It’s noteworthy that fatigue extends beyond mere sleepiness or transient tiredness. Rather, it embodies a constant state of weariness and diminished energy levels, significantly compromising one’s overall quality of life.

When to See a Healthcare Provider

Experiencing pain during your menstrual period is a common occurrence. However, if your cramps become so intense that they interfere with your attendance at school or work or if they persist even after taking pain relief medication, seeking guidance from a healthcare professional is advisable. A consultation with your healthcare provider can aid in discerning whether these symptoms are indicative of endometriosis or another underlying condition.

Presently, the gold standard for confirming an endometriosis diagnosis remains laparoscopic surgery—an invasive procedure conducted under anesthesia, enabling your healthcare provider to closely examine your abdominal and pelvic organs. Consequently, seeking medical attention is pivotal for obtaining a definitive diagnosis of the condition.

If you encounter difficulties in conceiving, seeking consultation with your healthcare provider is also prudent. While infertility can stem from various factors, understanding whether endometriosis contributes to your challenges in getting pregnant can be valuable. Your healthcare provider can further facilitate your journey by offering referrals to fertility specialists and recommending specific infertility treatments, including medications, in vitro fertilization (IVF), and intrauterine insemination (IUI).

A Quick Review

Endometriosis arises when cells resembling the tissue lining the inner aspect of the uterus (referred to as the endometrium) begin to proliferate outside of their usual location. Predominantly, individuals afflicted by endometriosis undergo pelvic discomfort, cramping, and modifications in their menstrual patterns. In addition, symptoms such as gastrointestinal disturbances (including diarrhea), episodes of nausea or vomiting, fatigue, and infertility might manifest.

Should the intensity of your menstrual pain impede your everyday activities, consulting a healthcare professional is advised to ascertain the presence of endometriosis. Initiating communication with a healthcare provider can lead to an accurate diagnosis and expedited initiation of appropriate treatment measures.