What Causes Eczema?

Here’s what researchers know about the potential causes of this common skin condition.

Eczema, a dermatological condition characterized by itchy, dry, and reddened patches of skin, often leading to peeling, blistering, and the formation of sores, affects a substantial portion of the American population, exceeding 30 million individuals as reported by the National Eczema Association. Its onset is commonly observed during childhood, frequently appearing on facial areas like cheeks and chin, as well as on elbows and knees. Over time, symptoms tend to abate, although some individuals continue to experience eczema into adulthood, while it can also emerge in grown-ups. The intricate nature of eczema’s causation stems from its diverse manifestations and a multitude of triggers that exacerbate each distinct form. These catalysts encompass an array of factors such as allergens like pet dander or pollen, along with potential connections to coexisting medical conditions like hypertension. While the precise etiology remains elusive for most variations of eczema, it is understood that a blend of factors contributes to its development.

Significantly, prevalent research indicates that the most frequent variant, atopic dermatitis (AD), often displays a familial inheritance pattern, as highlighted by Debra Jaliman, MD, a dermatologist based in New York City. AD is also part of the “atopic triad,” a grouping of three interrelated conditions—AD, asthma, and hay fever. Although these conditions might not simultaneously manifest, they tend to share a genetic predisposition. Thus, individuals with a family history of asthma or hay fever are more prone to developing AD.

In the case of atopic dermatitis, an immune response is triggered by external stimuli, prompting an excessive immune reaction that culminates in skin irritation. The symptomatic cycles of improvement and exacerbation, termed flare-ups, are characteristic of this condition. Unfortunately, at present, a definitive cure remains elusive, and persistent symptoms are common. Manifestations vary from person to person, and while some effectively manage their eczema, others face challenges in treatment.

What are the other kinds of eczema?

The National Eczema Association has outlined six distinct types of eczema, one of which is AD. These variations encompass:

1. Contact Dermatitis: Characterized by skin irritation resulting from exposure to substances like chemicals, detergents, and specific skincare products.

2. Dyshidrotic Eczema: This type triggers blisters on the hands and feet and can arise due to various factors, including irritants, stress, allergies, and moist conditions affecting the hands and feet.

3. Hand Eczema: Triggered by irritating substances, this form is also influenced by familial predisposition, linking it to a family history of the condition.

4. Neurodermatitis: Evident as rough, dry, and thick patches of skin, this type is believed to stem from stress or insect bites as triggering factors.

5. Nummular Eczema: This variant presents as small, itchy spots on the skin and may be provoked by factors such as dry winter weather, insect bites, or inflammation.

6. Stasis Dermatitis: Typically associated with blood pressure issues, this type emerges due to vascular complications leading to vein leakage, which consequently causes skin irritation.

These diverse eczema types underscore the multifaceted nature of the condition, each with its own distinctive triggers and characteristics.

What can make eczema symptoms worse?

Numerous factors can exacerbate eczema symptoms, particularly those that contribute to skin dryness or lack hypoallergenic properties, which can further irritate an already compromised skin barrier. It’s important to be cautious of the following triggers:

1. Extended, Hot Showers: Prolonged exposure to hot water can strip the skin of its natural oils, worsening symptoms.

2. Aggressive Skincare and Soaps: The use of harsh skincare products and soaps can intensify irritation.

3. Dry Winter Conditions: Cold, dry winter weather can contribute to skin dryness and aggravate eczema symptoms.

4. Allergens: Substances like pollen, pet dander, and dust mites can trigger allergic reactions and worsen eczema.

5. Stress: Emotional stress has been linked to the exacerbation of eczema symptoms.

6. Chlorine: Exposure to chlorine in pools or water sources can cause skin irritation.

7. Fragranced Products: Perfumes and products containing fragrances can be irritating to sensitive skin.

8. Chemicals: Substances like hair dye and nail polish that contain chemicals can exacerbate symptoms.

9. Rough Fabrics: Clothing made from scratchy materials can worsen eczema; opting for natural fibers like cotton is advisable.

Understanding and avoiding these triggers can significantly contribute to managing and alleviating eczema symptoms.

How is eczema treated?

Dr. Debra Jaliman, a distinguished dermatologist, provides valuable insights into managing eczema symptoms effectively. Her recommendations encompass a comprehensive skincare routine tailored to sensitive skin. She advises initiating the regimen with a mild cleanser, meticulously formulated to cater to delicate skin types. This initial step serves as a foundation for subsequent treatments. Following the cleansing process, Dr. Jaliman suggests embracing the use of a moisturizer enriched with an array of potent ingredients such as shea butter, hyaluronic acid, glycerin, and ceramides. The incorporation of these components plays a pivotal role in bolstering the skin’s natural protective barrier, aiding in its restoration and resilience.

For individuals seeking to augment their eczema management strategy, exploring alternative approaches can yield further relief. Dr. Amanda Doyle, a reputable practitioner from Russak Dermatology in New York City, highlights the potential benefits of prescription topical steroids or creams. These options offer a short-term respite from the distressing symptoms associated with eczema. However, for those leaning towards non-prescription remedies, Dr. Doyle sheds light on the merits of Vaseline Intensive Care Advanced Repair Hand Unscented Lotion. This particular product holds the endorsement of the National Eczema Association as a trustworthy choice for individuals susceptible to eczema. A comprehensive array of additional product recommendations from the association awaits exploration on their dedicated platform.

In scenarios where conventional topical interventions may fall short in adequately managing eczema symptoms, a recent development emerges on the horizon. The Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) recent approval of an injectable medication offers a promising alternative avenue. This groundbreaking solution presents a ray of hope for individuals grappling with persistent itchiness and other discomforting symptoms associated with eczema.

Dermatologist Dr. Francesca Fusco, an esteemed practitioner located in the bustling city of New York, contributes further insights to the eczema management discourse. Dr. Fusco underscores the significance of selecting gentle soaps to preserve the skin’s delicate equilibrium. Recommending popular options such as Dove or Caress, she emphasizes their potential in minimizing skin irritation. Additionally, Dr. Fusco delves into addressing rough patches, advocating the application of a trusted emollient like Vaseline. This approach not only soothes but also aids in the restoration of compromised skin areas.

For individuals contending with eczema manifesting on the scalp, Dr. Fusco offers a specialized recommendation. She extols the virtues of Dove DermaCare Scalp Dryness and Itch Relief Anti-Dandruff Shampoo. Fortified with zinc pyrithione, this solution not only moisturizes but also combats the unsightly flakes that often accompany scalp eczema. Dr. Fusco’s insights provide a holistic approach to managing eczema, catering to various manifestations and enabling individuals to embark on a journey towards more comfortable, healthier skin.