Types of blood cancers and tests that diagnose them

Blood cancers encompass a diverse range of types with varying symptoms and characteristics. Early detection and appropriate diagnostic procedures are essential for effective treatment and management. By recognizing the common symptoms and undergoing comprehensive testing, individuals can enhance their chances of early intervention and improved outcomes in these challenging conditions. Here are some common types of blood cancers:

Leukaemia

This type of blood cancer originates in the bone marrow and affects white blood cells, compromising the body’s immune response. Common subtypes include Acute Myeloid leukaemia (AML) and Acute Lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL).

Lymphoma

Blood cancers that target the lymphatic system, such as Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, involve abnormal lymphocyte growth, leading to the enlargement of lymph nodes and other organs.

Multiple Myeloma

This type affects plasma cells, which are crucial for immune function. Multiple myeloma leads to the overproduction of abnormal plasma cells and can damage bones and other organs.

MDS is characterized by faulty bone marrow function, resulting in insufficient production of healthy blood cells. It can progress to acute leukaemia in some cases.

Myeloproliferative Neoplasms (MPN)

MPNs are a group of diseases where the bone marrow produces too many specific blood cells. Examples include polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, and myelofibrosis.

Recognizing blood cancer symptoms

While the symptoms of blood cancers can vary based on the specific type and its stage, there are common indicators that individuals should be aware of:

Blood tests

Comprehensive blood tests can reveal abnormal cell counts, types, and characteristics, providing crucial insights into potential blood cancer presence.

Bone marrow tests

These involve the extraction of bone marrow samples for analysis, aiding in identifying specific cancer types and assessing disease progression.

Specialized testing techniques

Specialized techniques such as Flowcytometry immunophenotyping, Cytogenetics, Immunohistochemistry and Molecular techniques such as PCR, Sequencing and NGS are used to aid in diagnosis, lineage determination, prognosis and monitoring of blood cancers.

Imaging tests

CT scans, PET scans, and X-rays help visualize the extent of cancer spread and involvement of lymph nodes and other organs.
Physical Examination: A thorough physical examination helps identify visible symptoms, such as enlarged lymph nodes, that might indicate blood cancer.
Surgical Lymph Node Removal: In some cases, surgical removal of lymph nodes is necessary for accurate staging and prognosis determination.