When Does Menopause Start—And How Long Does It Last?

The answers will be different for everyone.

Menopause, a pivotal phase in a woman’s life, carries an air of mystery for many. While it’s a shared experience, the journey through menopause is as unique as the individual traversing it. The wealth of information, sometimes conflicting or confusing, that surrounds this natural transition often leaves us with questions and misconceptions. To shed light on this profound life stage, Health consulted several OB-GYNs to elucidate the nuances of menopause, from its onset to duration and the strategies for a smoother transition.

Deciphering Menopause: A Deeper Understanding

Menopause is an inherent facet of aging, marking the point at which 12 months have elapsed since a menstruating individual’s last period, as delineated by the National Institute on Aging (NIA).1 Preceding this milestone, a period of transition ensues, referred to as perimenopause, during which individuals may encounter variations in their monthly cycles, along with symptoms like hot flashes.

Dr. Jonathan Schaffir, an OB-GYN from The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, elaborates on this transition, stating, “During perimenopause, a woman’s ovarian reserve of eggs begins to diminish significantly. Since ovulation, the release of the egg, triggers menstruation, the depletion of eggs leads to irregular menstrual patterns, culminating in the cessation of menstruation.”

Simultaneously, the body undergoes shifts in hormone production, with fluctuations in estrogen and progesterone levels.1 These hormonal variations contribute to changes in bone density, energy utilization, and even fat cell behavior. Weight gain may become more common during this period.

While natural aging is the most common trigger for menopause, it can also result from surgical removal of the ovaries. Dr. Arianna Sholes-Douglas, the author of “The Menopause Myth: What Your Mother, Doctor, And Friends Haven’t Told You About Life After 35,” and the founder of Tula Wellness Center in Tucson, Ariz., notes that symptoms may persist even if a woman undergoes a hysterectomy (uterus removal) while retaining her ovaries. Additionally, certain medical interventions, such as chemotherapy or hormone therapy for breast cancer, can induce menopause.2

Unveiling the Timing of Menopause

The timing of menopause is highly individualized, with the onset of perimenopause typically occurring between ages 45 and 55.1 However, there are notable exceptions, as some may experience this transition as early as 35, while others may not embark on it until they reach the age of 60. Dr. Mary Jane Minkin, a clinical professor of obstetrics and gynecology and reproductive sciences at Yale Medical School, emphasizes that the age at which a woman’s family members underwent menopause can serve as a reasonable predictor. A familial history of early menopause suggests a higher likelihood of experiencing the same.

Furthermore, the age of a woman’s first menstrual period, or menarche, can provide insights into the timing of her perimenopausal journey. Research unveiled in a January 2017 meta-analysis suggests that women who experienced menarche at age 11 or younger face an 80% higher chance of entering menopause before turning 40, in comparison to those who had their first period at ages 12 or 13. However, it’s worth noting that the reliability of these findings hinges on women’s accuracy in recalling the age of their initial menstruation, which may not always be precise.4

A Protracted Passage: The Duration of Menopause

The menopausal transition is not a swift passage but rather an extended odyssey. While it typically spans approximately seven years, it can endure for up to 14 years.1 Dr. Minkin elucidates the intricacies of this timeline, explaining that if a woman experiences a six-month gap without a period, only to have one subsequently, the clock is reset. To officially exit this transition, another uninterrupted 12-month period without menstruation is required. Moreover, the duration of menopause is subject to multifaceted influences, including lifestyle factors like smoking and the age at which perimenopause commences.

Navigating the Turbulent Seas of Menopausal Symptoms

Perimenopause is often characterized by irregular periods, marked by intervals that may be inconsistent in frequency and flow. Dr. Minkin aptly summarizes this phase as a time of menstruation-related unpredictability—whether it be periods occurring closely together or far apart, heavy or light.

In addition to menstrual irregularities, individuals navigating perimenopause may encounter an array of symptoms, including hot flashes, vaginal dryness, incontinence, diminished libido, and sleep disturbances.1 These symptoms can significantly impact a woman’s quality of life during this transition.

For those seeking relief from these discomforts, estrogen therapy emerges as a first-line treatment option. Dr. Schaffir underscores its effectiveness, asserting that estrogen therapy can ameliorate a broad spectrum of symptoms associated with perimenopause. Dr. Minkin concurs, adding that low-dose birth control pills can also prove beneficial, particularly for those contending with heavy bleeding. Progesterone-coated intrauterine devices (IUDs) are an alternative for managing heavy bleeding.

However, for individuals who cannot undergo estrogen therapy or prefer not to, healthcare providers often proffer the antidepressant paroxetine (Paxil), recognized for its potential to alleviate specific menopausal symptoms.

In addition to pharmaceutical interventions, alternative strategies are available to address perimenopausal challenges. Dr. Minkin enumerates some of these options:

1. Vaginal Moisturizers: Products like Replens and Revaree can combat vaginal dryness.

2. Testosterone Therapy and Ristela: Testosterone therapy, though often utilized off-label in the U.S. for menopausal indications, has demonstrated benefits for boosting libido. Ristela, an over-the-counter product, enhances pelvic blood flow, aiding low libido.

3. Nutrition and Exercise: Maintaining a well-balanced diet and engaging in regular exercise can mitigate various symptoms.

4. Lifestyle Modifications: Behavioral changes, such as meditation and evening yoga, reducing caffeine intake by early afternoon, moderating sugar consumption, and avoiding late-night beverages, can enhance sleep quality.

A Concise Recapitulation

In conclusion, menopause is an individualized journey, with its onset varying from person to person. Typically manifesting between ages 45 and 55, this transition encompasses perimenopause, a multifaceted phase marked by fluctuating menstrual patterns and an array of symptoms. The duration of the menopausal transition can range from seven to 14 years, contingent upon various factors, including lifestyle choices and the age of perimenopause onset.

For individuals traversing perimenopause or embarking on menopause, consultation with a healthcare provider is paramount. These professionals can provide tailored guidance, address specific concerns, and recommend appropriate interventions to navigate this transformative phase. As the mosaic of menopause continues to unfold, embracing a holistic approach to care, which integrates medical expertise with lifestyle modifications and therapeutic strategies, remains key to fostering a smooth passage through this remarkable life stage.