What Is Spinal Meningitis? Here’s How People Get This Uncommon but Serious Infection

It’s important to seek immediate medical care, no matter what the cause.

Spinal meningitis, a severe and potentially life-threatening infection, occurs when pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites, cause inflammation of the delicate membranes, known as meninges, that envelop the brain and spinal cord. This condition can affect anyone, and its consequences are significant due to the critical role these membranes play in safeguarding the central nervous system, responsible for vital bodily functions like breathing and mobility. In this comprehensive exploration of spinal meningitis, we delve into its types, symptoms, causes, and potential complications, shedding light on this complex medical issue.

Understanding Spinal Meningitis

Spinal meningitis, often referred to simply as meningitis, is a medical emergency characterized by the swelling of the meninges. These membranes serve as protective shields for the brain and spinal cord, making inflammation in this area a cause for concern. While some forms of meningitis, like viral meningitis, are typically less severe, others, particularly bacterial meningitis, can escalate rapidly and become life-threatening.

Dr. Frank Esper, a pediatric infectious disease specialist at Cleveland Clinic Children’s, emphasizes the gravity of meningitis, stating, “Meningitis is a very serious infection.” Although numerous pathogens can trigger this condition, the most common culprits in the United States are viral and bacterial agents.

Identifying Meningitis Symptoms

Recognizing the symptoms of meningitis is crucial for early intervention. Dr. Esper explains that regardless of the causative agent, the symptoms often appear similar. Initial signs can mimic the flu and include fever, vomiting, headaches, and an overall feeling of illness. As the inflammation intensifies, additional symptoms may manifest in adults, such as:

• Sudden high fever
• Severe headaches that differ from previous experiences
• Stiff neck
• Nausea or vomiting
• Sensitivity to light
• A distinctive “meningitis rash” caused by bleeding under the skin
• Excessive sleepiness or difficulty waking up
• Confusion or impaired concentration
• Seizures

These symptoms primarily indicate brain inflammation rather than pointing to specific pathogens, making it essential to seek medical attention promptly if any of these signs arise. It is crucial to note that the progression and presentation of symptoms can vary among individuals.

For infants and newborns, the symptoms may differ from those seen in adults. Parents and caregivers should be vigilant for signs such as:

• Uncontrollable crying, which may worsen when held
• Inability to be comforted
• High fever
• Excessive sleepiness or difficulty awakening
• Irritability
• Poor appetite or feeding
• Vomiting
• A stiff body and neck
• A bulging soft spot on the infant’s head

These signs in babies warrant immediate medical attention, as meningitis can progress rapidly in this vulnerable population.

Causes of Spinal Meningitis

Spinal meningitis can result from various causes. While head injuries, specific medications, cancers, lupus, and brain surgery are potential triggers, infections from pathogens such as viruses and bacteria are the most common culprits.

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis, the more common form of the condition, is frequently caused by viruses, with non-polio enteroviruses being a primary source in the United States. These viruses typically spread through common means, such as touching contaminated surfaces and then the mouth or nose or inhaling droplets released when an infected individual coughs or sneezes.

Remarkably, millions of non-polio enterovirus infections occur in the U.S. annually, but only a fraction of these develop into viral meningitis. The reasons why some individuals develop meningitis while others experience mild or asymptomatic infections remain unclear.

Herpes viruses, including herpes simplex and varicella-zoster, are additional culprits behind viral meningitis. Furthermore, the same viruses responsible for conditions like measles and the flu can also trigger this form of meningitis.

While viral meningitis can affect people of all ages, children under five and individuals with weakened immune systems face a higher risk. Fortunately, most cases of viral meningitis resolve without specific treatment within ten days or less.

Bacterial Meningitis

Bacterial meningitis is a severe and rapidly progressing form of the condition caused by bacteria that either enter the meninges directly or travel through the bloodstream to reach the brain. In the United States, approximately 3,000 people contract bacterial meningitis each year.

Over 50 different bacteria strains are known to cause bacterial meningitis, with some associated with specific modes of transmission, such as kissing, coughing, sneezing, or consuming contaminated food. Transmission from mother to baby during childbirth is also possible.

Certain populations are at a higher risk of contracting bacterial meningitis, including college students in crowded settings, infants, travelers to sub-Saharan Africa or Mecca during peak periods, individuals with specific medical conditions (such as HIV or a lack of spleen), and professionals working with bacteria. Due to its rapid progression, individuals suspected of having bacterial meningitis should seek immediate medical attention.

Vaccination plays a crucial role in reducing the risk of certain types of bacterial meningitis. Immunizations such as the meningococcal, pneumococcal, and Hib vaccines are effective in preventing infections. However, no vaccine provides complete immunity, underscoring the importance of seeking prompt medical care if meningitis symptoms arise, regardless of vaccination status.

Other Types of Spinal Meningitis

While viral and bacterial meningitis account for most cases, other pathogens and situations can also lead to this condition.

Fungal Meningitis: Fungal meningitis is a rare form caused by inhaling fungal spores present in the environment. Some fungi, like Histoplasma and Blastomyces, reside in soil in certain regions of the United States. People with compromised immune systems, such as those with HIV or cancer, are at higher risk of fungal meningitis from these pathogens.

Parasitic Meningitis: Parasitic meningitis, though infrequent, can occur when individuals consume animals or food contaminated with specific parasites. For instance, consuming raw or undercooked freshwater fish can expose individuals to G. spinigerum parasites, leading to parasitic meningitis.

Amoebic Meningitis: An exceptionally rare form of spinal meningitis results from amoebae found in soil and warm water. Infection occurs when contaminated water enters the nose during swimming. While terrifying, this type of meningitis has been reported infrequently in the United States.

Non-Infectious Meningitis: Not all cases of spinal meningitis stem from pathogens. Non-infectious meningitis can arise when the meninges become inflamed due to diseases like cancer or lupus, medication use, head injuries, or brain surgery. Certain medications, including antibiotics and ibuprofen, can occasionally trigger this form of meningitis as the body reacts adversely, provoking inflammation in the brain lining and cerebrospinal fluid.

Understanding the diverse causes of spinal meningitis underscores the complexity of this condition and highlights the importance of accurate diagnosis and timely treatment.

In conclusion, spinal meningitis is a multifaceted medical condition encompassing various causes, symptoms, and potential complications. It can affect individuals of all ages and backgrounds, making awareness of its signs and risk factors critical. Rapid medical intervention is essential, especially in cases of bacterial meningitis, where prompt treatment can be life-saving. While vaccines offer protection against certain forms of meningitis, vigilance and proactive healthcare-seeking behavior remain the best defense against this potentially devastating infection.