Townsend N, Kazakiewicz D, Lucy Wright F, et al. Epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in Europe. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2022;19:133–43.
Google Scholar
Roth GA, Abate D, Abate KH, et al. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet. 2018;392:1736–88.
Google Scholar
Ference BA, Ginsberg HN, Graham I, et al. Low-density lipoproteins cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. 1. Evidence from genetic, epidemiologic, and clinical studies. A consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel. Eur Heart J. 2017;38:2459–72.
Google Scholar
Nicholls SJ, Kataoka Y, Nissen SE, et al. Effect of evolocumab on coronary plaque phenotype and burden in statin-treated patients following myocardial infarction. JACC Cardiovasc Imag. 2022;15:1308–21.
Google Scholar
Silverman MG, Ference BA, Im K, et al. Association between lowering LDL-C and cardiovascular risk reduction among different therapeutic interventions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2016;316(12):1289–97.
Google Scholar
Visseren FLJ, MacH F, Smulders YM, et al. 2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Eur Heart J. 2021;42:3227–337.
Google Scholar
Stroes ES, Thompson PD, Corsini A, et al. Statin-associated muscle symptoms: impact on statin therapy-European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel Statement on Assessment Aetiology and Management. Eur Heart J. 2015;36:1012–22.
Google Scholar
Schubert J, Lindahl B, Melhus H, et al. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction and statin intensity in myocardial infarction patients and major adverse outcomes: a Swedish nationwide cohort study. Eur Heart J. 2021;42:243–52.
Google Scholar
Ray KK, Molemans B, Marieke Schoonen W, et al. EU-wide cross-sectional observational study of lipid-modifying therapy use in secondary and primary care: the DAVINCI study. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2021;28:1279–89.
Google Scholar
Pinkosky SL, Groot PHE, Lalwani ND, Steinberg GR. Targeting ATP-citrate lyase in hyperlipidemia and metabolic disorders. Trends Mol Med. 2017;23:1047–63.
Google Scholar
Liu W, Liu M, Xiong H, Xia L, Yang Q, Chen M, Cai Y, Li S. Bempedoic acid, an ATP citrate lyase inhibitor, reduces intimal hyperplasia via activation of AMPKα signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol. 2022;113(Pt A): 109392.
Google Scholar
Laufs U, Banach M, Mancini GBJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of bempedoic acid in patients with hypercholesterolemia and statin intolerance. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8(7): e01166212.
Google Scholar
Goldberg AC, Leiter LA, Stroes ESG, et al. Effect of bempedoic acid vs placebo added to maximally tolerated statins on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients at high risk for cardiovascular disease: the CLEAR wisdom randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2019;322:1780–8.
Google Scholar
Ray KK, Bays HE, Catapano AL, et al. Safety and efficacy of bempedoic acid to reduce LDL cholesterol. N Engl J Med. 2019;380:1022–32.
Google Scholar
Ballantyne CM, Banach M, Mancini GBJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of bempedoic acid added to ezetimibe in statin-intolerant patients with hypercholesterolemia: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Atherosclerosis. 2018;277:195–203.
Google Scholar
Di Minno A, Lupoli R, Calcaterra I, et al. Efficacy and safety of bempedoic acid in patients with hypercholesterolemia: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020;9:e016262.
Google Scholar
Nissen SE, Lincoff AM, Brennan D, Ray KK, et al. Bempedoic acid and cardiovascular outcomes in statin-intolerant patients. N Engl J Med. 2023;388(15):1353–64.
Google Scholar
Stone NJ, Robinson JG, Lichtenstein AH, et al. American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014;129(25 Suppl 2):S1-45.
Google Scholar
Bradburn MJ, Deeks JJ, Berlin JA, Russell LA. Much ado about nothing: a comparison of the performance of meta-analytical methods with rare events. Stat Med. 2007;26(1):53–77.
Google Scholar
Cochrane Methods Bias RoB 2: a revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials. https://methods.cochrane.org/bias/resources/rob-2-revised-cochrane-risk-bias-tool-randomized-trials
Rubino J, MacDougall DE, Sterling LR, Hanselman JC, Nicholls SJ. Combination of bempedoic acid, ezetimibe, and atorvastatin in patients with hypercholesterolemia: a randomized clinical trial. Atherosclerosis. 2021;320:122–8.
Google Scholar
Rubino J, MacDougall DE, Sterling LR, Kelly SE, McKenney JM, Lalwani ND. Lipid lowering with bempedoic acid added to a proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitor therapy: a randomized, controlled trial. J Clin Lipidol. 2021;15(4):593–601.
Google Scholar
Ballantyne CM, Laufs U, Ray KK, et al. Bempedoic acid plus ezetimibe fixed-dose combination in patients with hypercholesterolemia and high CVD risk treated with maximally tolerated statin therapy. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2020;27(6):593–603.
Google Scholar
Lalwani ND, Hanselman JC, MacDougall DE, Sterling LR, Cramer CT. Complementary low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol lowering and pharmacokinetics of adding bempedoic acid (ETC-1002) to high-dose atorvastatin background therapy in hypercholesterolemic patients: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Lipidol. 2019;13(4):568–79.
Google Scholar
Ballantyne CM, McKenney JM, MacDougall DE, et al. Effect of ETC-1002 on serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic patients receiving statin therapy. Am J Cardiol. 2016;117(12):1928–33.
Google Scholar
Bays HE, Baum SJ, Brinton EA, et al. Effect of bempedoic acid plus ezetimibe fixed-dose combination vs ezetimibe or placebo on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with type 2 diabetes and hypercholesterolemia not treated with statins. Am J Prev Cardiol. 2021;4(8): 100278.
Google Scholar
Cordero A, Fernandez Olmo R, Santos-Gallego CG, Fácila L, Bonanad C, Castellano JM, Rodriguez-Mañero M, Seijas-Amigo J, González-Juanatey JR, Badimon JJ. Clinical benefit of bempedoic acid in randomized clinical trials. Am J Cardiol. 2023;205:321–4.
Google Scholar
Mutschlechner D, Tscharre M, Huber K, Gremmel T. Cardiovascular events in patients treated with bempedoic acid vs. placebo: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother. 2023;9(6):583–91.
Google Scholar
Krishna Mohan GV, Chenna VSH, Tirumandyam G, Mian AR, Rashid A, Saleem F. Efficacy and safety of bempedoic acid to prevent cardiovascular events in individuals at risk of cardiovascular diseases: a meta-analysis of randomized-control trials. Cureus. 2023;15(5): e38662.
Google Scholar
Shapiro MD, Taub PR, Louie MJ, Lei L, Ballantyne CM. Efficacy and safety of bempedoic acid in patients with and without metabolic syndrome: Pooled analysis of data from four phase 3 clinical trials. Atherosclerosis. 2023;378: 117182.
Google Scholar
Banach M, Surma S, Reiner Z, Katsiki N, Penson PE, Fras Z, Sahebkar A, Paneni F, Rizzo M, Kastelein J. Personalized management of dyslipidemias in patients with diabetes-it is time for a new approach (2022). Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2022;21(1):263.
Google Scholar
Alexander JH. Benefits of bempedoic acid-clearer now. N Engl J Med. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMe2301490.
Google Scholar
Sabatine MS, Giugliano RP, Keech AC, et al. FOURIER steering committee and investigators. Evolocumab and clinical outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(18):1713–22.
Google Scholar
Biolo G, Vinci P, Mangogna A, Landolfo M, Schincariol P, Fiotti N, Mearelli F, Di Girolamo FG. Mechanism of action and therapeutic use of bempedoic acid in atherosclerosis and metabolic syndrome. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022;28(9):1028355.
Google Scholar
Verberk SGS, Kuiper KL, Lauterbach MA, Latz E, Van den Bossche J. The multifaceted therapeutic value of targeting ATP-citrate lyase in atherosclerosis. Trends Mol Med. 2021;27(12):1095–105.
Google Scholar
Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) Collaborators. Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomised trials. Lancet. 2010;376:1670–81.
Google Scholar
Schwartz GG, Steg PG, Szarek M, et al. Alirocumab and cardiovascular outcomes after acute coronary syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(22):2097–107.
Google Scholar
Singh JA, Reddy SG, Kundukulam J. Risk factors for gout and prevention: a systematic review of the literature. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2011;23(2):192–202.
Google Scholar
Crandall JP, Mather K, Rajpathak SN, et al. Statin use and risk of developing diabetes: results from the Diabetes Prevention Program. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2017;5(1):e000438.
Google Scholar
Filippov S, Pinkosky SL, Newton RS. LDL-cholesterol reduction in patients with hypercholesterolemia by modulation of adenosine triphosphate-citrate lyase and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2014;25(4):309–15.
Google Scholar
Lowell BB, Shulman GI. Mitochondrial dysfunction and type 2 diabetes. Science. 2005;307:384–7.
Google Scholar